An automated system for cattle reproductive management under the IoT framework. Part I: the e-Synch system and cow responses

The objective of this manuscript was to present the e-Synch system, integrating an intravaginal electronically controlled hormone delivery and sensing device with IoT platform for remote programming monitoring. Secondary objectives were demonstrate system functionality cow responses e-Synch. External components include a 3D-printed case retention wings, flexible wideband antenna, silicone membrane pressure balancing. Internal central control board, battery, wireless charging coil, two reservoirs connected individual peristaltic pumps. An accelerometer high-accuracy temperature sensor are integrated in custom printed circuit board (PCB). includes gateway consisting Raspberry PI 3 CC1352 radiofrequency module that collects data at 915 mHz. Data is transferred Google Cloud utilizing Core service through TCP/IP, then pulled by Pub/Sub service. After routing BigQuery table Dataflow service, visualization provided Studio. Drug protocols selected using IOS app connects Bluetooth. Experiments lactating Holsteins cows conducted proof-of-concept evaluate responses. Despite unstable communication signal discontinuity because strength attenuation body tissue, devices (n=6) communicated 89% (24/27) use instances. Temperature received least one 15 min period during 8 h insertion from all platform. Variation (± 8.565 m/s 2 ) consistent activity experimentation mean vaginal 39.1 °C (range 38.6 39.5 °C) demonstrated functionality. Hormone release confirmed instances except one. Cow behavior evaluated signs discomfort pain, tail raising scores mostly unaltered Vaginal integrity mucus also remained after insertion. In conclusion, controlling might be used automate estrous cycle cattle.